Martel s Life Of Pi - 1879 Words

Does Martel’s Life of Pi treatment of religion give power to God or does it give power to works of fiction? Instead of giving power to the one versus the other, Martel is not trying to get the reader to believe in God, to prove his existence, but rather there is a justification of a person’s individual right to choose in believing in God. Life of Pi doesn’t try to question religion as an institution, but rather there is a focus on the debate between fact and fiction where â€Å"Martel’s position is a postmodernist one, from the perspective of which God’s existence has the same status in relation to truth and reality as Pi’s experience of shipwreck† (Stratton 6). In Martel’s work there isn’t a focus on what is to be more believable in either fiction or religion, but rather how there are no other alternative in between the two. During Pi’s journey in the first story, he does not spend a lot of time thinking on and ex pressing his religious beliefs. There is more of a focus on the energy he has going towards basic human survival. Though God seems to be a presence in life as he thanks God for his survival, â€Å" Vishnu preserve me, Allah protect me, Christ save me,† he cries out shortly after he finds himself in the lifeboat † ( Martel 108). There doesn’t seem to be a presence of God in the second, realistic story. There is mention of God, â€Å"God is notably absent throughout the events narrated, leaving human beings alone in the material universe, living in a state of exile fromShow MoreRelatedReview Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesWriting Help LOG IN HomeStudy GuidesLife of PiLife of Pi Summary Life of Pi Study Guide Life of Pi by Yann Martel Buy Study Guide Life of Pi Summary Life of Pi tells the fantastical story of Pi Patel, a sixteen-year-old South Indian boy who survives at sea with a tiger for 227 days. Pi, born Piscine Molitor Patel, grows up in the South Indian city of Pondicherry, where his father runs the zoo. A precocious and intelligent boy, by the age of fifteen Pi—Hindu from an early age—has also adopted ChristianityRead MoreAnalysis Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi1215 Words   |  5 PagesYann Martel’s Life of Pi, published in 2002, is the allegorical novel that follows the life of the Indian teenager Piscine Molitor Patel, exploring specifically his experience of extreme struggle and fight for survival in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Through a range of literary techniques, Martel presents a set of complex themes such as religion, faith and survival making his work worthy of study and deep analysis. However, the understanding and perception of these concepts varies for each readerRead MoreToni Martel s Life Of Pi1192 Wo rds   |  5 PagesMorals and Survival in Life of Pi The Life of Pi, an award-winning novel by Yann Martel, tells the story of Pi Patel, a young boy stranded at sea with an adult Bengal tiger. Marooned on a tiny lifeboat adrift in the Pacific Ocean, Pi finds himself struggling to survive. Faced with imminent suffering and death brought on by hunger, thirst, and an unending battle with the elements, Pi must make a decision between upholding his and society’s strict set of morals and values, or letting his survivalRead MoreYann Martel s Life Of Pi1916 Words   |  8 PagesContrasting yet Harmonious Stories in Life of Pi Often the mind easily and distinctly separates the contrasting ideas, events, and moments displayed to them in life. Those people that make such a separation then proceed to choose a side and stick to it. Stubbornly, these people will continue to back their decisions through and through, rarely again truly looking at their previous verdict. But against this reality in the novel, Life of Pi by Yann Martel, Piscine (Pi) Molitor Patel creates his own harmoniousRead MoreReview Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi1277 Words   |  6 Pagesand conquer, others succumb to the opposing force, and some learn to live alongside it. Life of Pi, written by Yann Martel, illustrates the significance of internal struggle and awakening as paralleled to its external counterparts through the voice of boy enduring intense trials of both mind and body. A multi-cultural, educated zookeeper’s son, Piscine Molitar Patel, narrates Life of Pi. The reader observes Pi, transform from a worldly, sensible human being to a bestial animal ravaged by the mercilessRead MoreAnalysis Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi1621 Words   |  7 PagesMallon Global Literature and Composition 21 April 2015 Success is Survival In Yann Martel’s Life of Pi, the main character is Piscine Patel, a 16-year-old Indian boy stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean. The novel shows us how Pi was able to sustain himself during his darkest hours. After being separated from his family during the sinking of the ship they were using to transport their zoo animals, Pi ends up stranded alone with a 450-pound bengal tiger. Being stranded somewhere in the PacificRead MoreEssay about Sigmund Freud ´s Theory in Life of Pi by Yann Martel560 Words   |  3 PagesSigmund Freud’s Theory in Life of Pi Throughout my life I have always wondered about the conscious and unconscious mind and why humans act differently in different environments. The main theory that is used in the novel â€Å"Life of Pi† by Yann Martel is the Freudian theory. The first reason why the Freudian mind has a major role in Life of Pi is because it shows that Pi will act differently upon various situations and environments. Secondly, the Freudian mind shows us that there is the id, ego andRead MoreThe Major Elements Of Science And Religion1443 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant to life is Pi s parents. Parents are essential to a person s existence. The combination of sperm and egg is the starts of a life. Without any of them, no life can be created. In Life of Pi, Pi s parents respectively represent religion and science. Pi s mother represents religion and faith. She is from a Hinduism family (Martel, Life of Pi 47). Her father is a clergy of Hinduism. She is nurtured under a complete religious environmen t. She is the one who passes the faith to Pi. She bringsRead MoreLife Of Pi By Yann Martel847 Words   |  4 Pages This lesson details the life of noted author Yann Martel, and his work, particularly his award-winning novel, ‘’Life of Pi’’, which has been made into a feature film. Read the lesson and take the quiz! !!!Do You Believe That? Have you ever heard a story so crazy you cannot believe it? We have all heard the news stories of people performing superhuman feats out of a need to survive or to save themselves or someone they love. A wife comes home, and finds her husband trapped under a car. She liftsRead MoreLife Of Pi By Yann Martel1473 Words   |  6 PagesAlong life s journey, there will be misguided, biased or prejudiced people and opinions. You will always have to make due with what you have and solve any problem that comes your way. Life of Pi covers the topics of characters and their emotional growth, the importance of literary devices and themes. The novel is by Yann Martel, published in 2001 and winning The Man Booker Prize in 2002. Life of Pi is about a boy named Pi who is in a shipwreck. Throughout losing everything, Pi survives the Pacific

Industrialization of the Ready-Made Garment in Bangladesh...

Context: The readymade garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh has been growing constantly from 1990s. The country is prominent in exporting high quality apparels at low cost. As a result the foreign exchange earnings, industrialization, GDP improved within a short span of time. The contribution of RMG in the GDP is almost 15%. In 2012-13, almost 80% of the total exports of that year came from exporting apparels of approximately $21515.73 billion. Inspite of the postponement of the MultiFibre Agreement (MFA) quota system in the United States from 2004, the RMG exports of Bangladesh has experienced a high-rise since then. Both small and large firms are expanding their export network and improving production capacities and export apparels to†¦show more content†¦Among the micro environmental factors, suppliers and competitors are vital for the garments industry. Bangladesh lacks a notable production of raw materials by themselves; the manufacturers need to import artificial fibers, cotto n from India, China, Thailand etc. who are again the competitors of Bangladesh in garments industry. Hence there is a risk of higher expenditure on importing the raw materials. Since the Bangladeshi importers are renowned for timely payment and continuous import a strong relationship has grown up between the two sides which can be advantageous to the garments industry of Bangladesh. Government approved the back to back LC method which enables the local companies to import the raw materials on behalf of the manufacturing factories. Thus the local firms are getting chances to enter the supply chain and to initiate the importing process. External Environment Analysis (PEST): Political factors: Historically the governments of Bangladesh most of the time were not stable enough to complete their tenure of 5 years. Specially before and after national elections political unrest spreads throughout the country which hampers trading and transportation of apparels. But the governments used to be submissiveShow MoreRelatedIndustrialization And Poverty1445 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped countries. Industrialization is one of the effective ways to reduce poverty. Poverty can be reduced by economic growth and equality. Industrialization is a process where primary goods are used to produce manufacturing goods, sometimes human labor is replaces by machines and robots. Income per capita increases because of industrialization. The industrial revolution of 18th and 19th century has occurred because of major industrial shift in western economy. Industrialization is maximum use ofRead MoreRmg Sector in Bangladesh2596 Words   |  11 Pagescourses in the BBA department. * We are doing this report so that we can analysis the readymade garment (RMG) sector of Bangladesh and find out the problems and remedies of this sector. Objectives of the study: The main objectives of this report are * To gain knowledge about the industrial unrest in the readymade garments industry of Bangladesh. * To identify the problems of RMG sector of Bangladesh. * To analysis the problems of this sector. * To fine out the remedies that could solveRead MoreSoc101 Refection Paper. Department Of Economic Social1967 Words   |  8 PagesSCIENCES BRAC UNIVERSITY Submitted to: Meheri Tamanna Senior Lecturer BRAC University Submitted by: Group members: ID: 1. Arnisha Khandakar - 2. Ferdousi Rahman - 15201004 3. Tanzia Ahmed - 4. Jdgh 5. Dghd ‘Made in Bangladesh’ is an episode from the CBC TV series, ‘The Fifth Estate’ that attempts to investigate the tragic Rana Plaza accident. The crew led by Mark Kelley and ex-designer for Walmart, Sujit Sennik discovers a ledger pulled from the rubble that theyRead MoreGlobalization Impact on Bangladesh Economy4281 Words   |  18 PagesEconomy of Bangladesh Economy of Bangladesh Currency Fiscal year Trade organisations Bangladesh Taka (BDT) 1 July - 30 June WTO, SAFTA, D8, WCO Statistics GDP GDP growth GDP per capita GDP by sector Inflation (CPI) $228.4 billion (2008 est.PPP) 6.5% (2008 est.) $ 1500 (2008 est.PPP) Agriculture (19%), industry (28.7%), services (53.7%) (2007 est.) 9.4% (2008 est.) Population 38% (2009 est.) below poverty line Labour force Labour force by occupation Unemployment Main industries 70.86 millionRead MoreLiterature Review of Training and Development of Marcantile Bank Bangladesh 5 Article14514 Words   |  59 Pages[pic] RECRUITMENT SELECTION OF HUMAN RESOURCES:A STUDY ON URMI GARMENTS LTD. THESIS REPORT ON RECRUITMENT SELECTION OF HUMAN RESOURCES: A STUDY ON URMI GARMENTS LTD. Supervisor Mohammed Jaynal Abedin Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration Stamford University Bangladesh [pic] Read MoreHr Practises in Garments Industry in Bd7236 Words   |  29 Pages |5 | |2.0 An overview of Bangladesh Garments Industry |6 | |3.0 Role of HRM |9 | |3.1 Contribution HRM to organization |9 | |3.2 For garments industry HR can do |10 Read MoreImproving Social Compliance in Bangladeshs Ready-Made Garment Industry9150 Words   |  37 PagesImproving Social compliance in Bangladeshs Ready-made Garment Industry Author FERDOUS AHAMED, Ph.D Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, La Trobe University, Australia Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in General History University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Master of Business Administration in Marketing and HRM Northern University, Bangladesh Master of Commercial Law (Studying), La Trobe University, Australia 42 Wilcox Street, Preston, Victoria 3086, Australia E-mail: ferdous72@gmail.com Tel:Read MoreAn assignment on critical analysis of FDI policy and Import Export policy In Bangladesh5993 Words   |  24 PagesImportExport policy In Bangladesh MGT-405: International Business Submitted to: Mohammad Shariat Ullah Assistant Professor Department of Management University of Dhaka Submitted by: Tapash Chandra Paul Roll: 35 Section: A; Batch: 17th Department of Management University of Dhaka Submission Date: March 23, 2014 Table of Contents Pages No (A) Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh 1.0 Introduction 1.1 FDI and its Concepts 1.2 Importance of FDI 1.3 Opportunities of FDI in Bangladesh 1.4 Major ObstaclesRead MoreTextile Industry in India5425 Words   |  22 Pagesof its total foreign exchange by textile exports. The Textile Industry in India is divided into various sectors few of them includes: * ï‚ ·   Cotton Textiles * ï‚ ·   Silk Textiles * ï‚ ·   Woolen Textiles * ï‚ ·   Readymade Garments * ï‚ ·   Hand-crafted Textiles * ï‚ ·   Jute and Coir In the Textile industry there are about 11228 textile mills which has a strong spinning capacity of 29 millions spindles which accounts to be very high. Yarn is usually producedRead MoreImpact of Trade Union on the Performance of Organization6858 Words   |  28 Pagesmillion people, 80 percent of them women, the importance of nurturing a sector as vibrant and thriving as the garments industry, cannot be emphasized enough. With export of Ready Made Garments (RMG) reaching 9.2 billion in 2007 and predictions of it rising to 12 billion or more in the next two years, it is obvious that the industry is growing at an exponential speed. Greater demand for our garments abroad indicates the improvement in quality of the products as well as greater customer confidence, which

The last supper -movie satire analysis Free Essays

After having buried 10 conservationists , the students have a garden full of tomatoes proving that † conservationists serve great as fertilizers†(NOT) and since that in life they served no good to the society from the liberals point of view, in death they can. The students invite the guests with an already planned ending for all of them: death. They are in continuous disagreement with them in order to find something that they , n turn, see as wrong and reason the death of the guest , this taking some of the guilt off their shoulders and considering it a â€Å"good gets for society’ . We will write a custom essay sample on The last supper -movie satire analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the slightest â€Å"counter-idea† they hurry the dinner and get to the exciting part of it by using phrases such as: â€Å"it’s time for dessert â€Å". Len the movie ,this is seen in the scene where the anti ecologist gradually considers their point of view as well and starts rethinking; confused of him agreeing to the libertarian point of view, and used to Just having their guests poisoned, the group of students does not break the â€Å"Sunday ritual† and assures the guest( by saying † you are entitled to your own opinion†) , who comes back to his conservationists point of view. This goes to the original argument :insignificance of life. As the movie progresses the students kill more and more people ;slowly not taking into consideration their status in society , Just their â€Å"closed-minded† ideas. The director stops introducing the guests by their names as they will eventually die;instead, continues by defining(l want to say it in a different way) them by their causes and slowly Just shows the piles of soil that were once their guests. The students decide a matter of life and death by either last questioning the guest : â€Å"if you were in a bar with a guy called Doll Hitler , would you kill him to save all those life’s or would you let him live†? Or â€Å"it’s 4 to 1 . He lives. † This again, shows the insignificance of life and how little they care for the others and their fate. RACISM (DISCRIMINATION AGAINST BLACKS ) From the very beginning ,Luke is the one who initiates the idea of having â€Å"the deadly dinner† ,even though his colleagues are reluctant. He is also the one to have suggested not to call the police ,and instead Just hide the murder . While he starts off as the most rational in critical situations, he becomes the most irrational ,cruel and â€Å"quick-tempered† ; he is also very sarcastic throughout the movie ( † keep them in the kitchen barefoot and pregnant† he says to a sex offender they have had as guest) . By the end of the movie he loses control and gets to the point where he is about to kill one of his own mends. THE LAST SUPPER (RELIGIOUS REFERENCE) In the movie, the 5 students are supposed to take the place of the apostles and the guests are Jesus, who is going to be sacrificed. The characters are also given names of apostles Dude,Pauline,Marc,Luke and Pete) The difference is , the roles are reversed, while the apostles are meant to spread the good word of â€Å"Jesus† to other people, they kill him. This could also mean that the students represent only two apostles :Judas(who betrayed Jesus) and Peter (who denies he knows him ) ;While Jesus is aware of his scarification , the guests aren’t . The guests are also served â€Å"very good food† as it will be their last meal . Unlike most movies where good always wins over bad in the end, â€Å"The last supper† ends by having Norman -(the very conservatism celebrity that is present in short scenes throughout the movie ,watched and critiqued by the students ) killing the 5 students with their own weapon and later describing himself as a â€Å"humble ,humble servant† in his presidential campaign. Why is it being satirized? ) I believe that the director is trying to say that both the right and left wing /wingers can become evil/ harmful when taken to the extreme :extreme conservationists ( the guests) and extreme liberalizes(the students) 2) Another problem I think the director meant to point out how easily people lose their life’s over different causes (like those mentioned in the movie: homosexuality , anti-ecologist, racism). This makes me wonder ,† Is it really worth it to die for it or to ta ke a life? And â€Å"When can you say it was right for you to decide that someone’s existence isn’t important to the society anymore ? † . This argument can be evidenced by history itself. Situations where people have died and been killed because their opinions or way of being did not correspond to the majority are many, hence Stalin’s saying : † If you are not with us , you are against us. â€Å"Another example is the time of â€Å"The inquisition† (an example Ewing Galileo Gillie’s scientifically proven idea that the earth revolves around the sun did not correspond to the original statement . N order to avoid imprisonment , he was forced to deny his statement. ) 3) Throughout history , â€Å"blacks† have always been seen as the â€Å"bad guys† with bad intentions . Len the movie , they have chosen the â€Å"head of the plan† ,a black , meaning to make fun of the concept and the stereotyping . 4) â€Å"Good does n’t always win in the end , especially in the real world† is what the directors expressed through their last scene . Corrupted people become the leaders of our countries. Is it effective? In my opinion, â€Å"The last supper† is a good movie, with a well-planned plot that is rather a continuous sarcastic response to certain topics such as : discrimination, the unnecessary deaths of people and intolerance. This film made me question my own tolerance of different views; it also made me think of how ,as a libertarian myself do I change the world without imposing my own views. Some minus points , from my perspective, are the repetitive scenes in the dining room of the guests and the students and the rushed through scenes that take place in the middle of the movie. How to cite The last supper -movie satire analysis, Papers

The Evolution Of The Mvs Operating System

Question: Describe about The Evolution Of The Mvs Operating System? Answer: 1: There is a need to take care of the enterprise solutions which are able to maintain and take care of all the PaaS which deliver a better application to provide resources important to engage in the management for building up a well-defined centre. There is a need to hold the space of the operations which matches to the devices depending upon the networking operations. In order to meet and resolve the issues, there is a need to manage the stress depending upon the virtualisation factor. The assigned bandwidth and other system focus on the storage and other development of web and other features. To build a layer of the enterprise virtualisation, there is a need to take care of the network and physical later along with virtualisation techniques which deliver the highest quality of outputs. To serve the performance as per the leadership of the model, there are certain solutions which match the environment and take care of the different centres of control. The virtualisation techniques handle the services and other security features depending upon how the desktop and other servers are important to be used and fast accessed. Enterprise Virtualisation Environment In order to improve the cloud computing features, there is a need to handle the system which depends on how the system is managed under the different virtualisation factor. The server try to hold the identification and manage with the sharing of resources depending upon the activity process. The computation and centralisation needs to improve the scalability depending upon the centre points. With the virtualisation techniques, there is a lowering of powers and costs which fluctuates as per the change in the server change. There is a need to hold the footprints of data which consolidate the server and track the networks. With the virtualisation factor, there is a need to own the resources of hardware and other machines depending upon the virtualisation process. There are platforms which measure the systems and take care of the binary translations depending upon the consumption of the different operations. With the achievement to take care of VMM support, there is a need to provide with the different functionality as per the hardware systems which contains all the components important to take care of the specific designing force. The security and protection matches to the different control. The functionality and other features take care of the memory which handle the codes and match with the para-virtualisation techniques. The memory needs to handle and look forwards for the reduction of the functionality and take care of the costs depending upon the maintenance and other inventory features. For setting up a fast performance system, there is a need to scale out the factors which depends on the performance and other logistics. There are different memory which holds as per the virtual machine support. To take care of the 4TB data memory, it is important to take care of the different results of the benchmark which performs with higher number of well performed servers. The enterprise solutions tackles with the workload and other configuration which manage with the change in SAP and other Microsoft purpose. For a throughput of different inputs and outputs, there is an exchange of the systems which consolidates and try to take care of the different servers. The consolidation of different features and other enterprising solutions are generally handling the different enterprise which scale out important changes depending upon the servers. The management of the infrastructural approach forecasts on the resources which try to match and handle team of easy management system. With t he different approaches of technology, there are enterprises which are able to mark the economy and handling the alternative hypervisors. To control the plane and migrate to the different systems, it is important to import and requests depending upon the lifecycles which improve the environment automatically. Hardware, Software and Peripheral Components of a Computer System With the different systems of computer, there are roles which are set up as per the control of the assessment. There is a need to handle the ability and remote to the process the words which will take care of the access of internet solutions. There are certain processing of the word which handles the different apps. The research and operations consolidate an environment which is powerful enough for the VMworld. The provision and administration tracks how the systems is operated and the applications are measured depending upon the lock in of the vendors. To improve the disaster, there is a need to receiver solutions depending upon the consolidation factors. The complete protection and access of control as to how the trap of power and protection connects with the automatic transfer of the data. The different power efficiency ratios match with the detection to execute the code and leak out to protect on a multiple stream outline. The data centres and other features which implement the interconnection generally replicate to holding higher operations. The VM ware specifications and other supporting systems handle the performance as per the utilisation of the software. The numbering of the clusters needs to match with the different servers which outperforms the configuration and try to restore the different layers depending upon the machine. The scheduling and other consistency features needs to track the availability with which the support and features enterprise the different automations and monitoring depending upon the migration problems. To handle the solutions and other features, there is a need to set up operating systems which can br ing a change in the layers and give a proper solution depending upon the usage of Virtual Box. Different Computer Systems There are network servers which are available for handling the Dell 2950 Dual Core System. The Dell PowerEdge 1950 Blade servers It is mainly handling the redundancy power and a higher amount of memory which equips with proper range of the system. With the edges of network, there is a need to take care of higher computation which clusters and take care of wider range of applications. Apple Xserve It needs to handle the duty and serve the lines depending upon the models and other architectural support. The rack of industry are mainly framed in the form which provide a proper space system. Dell Power Edge 2850 This is mainly handling the plugs and other higher supplies of power which launches important systems which is capable to handle and reduce the sharing depending upon the OS images. Depending upon the different systems, there is a need to plug in to the different banks of memory which are able to analyse and take care of the different drives. To improve the system of recovery, there are components which organise and handle the venders depending upon the consolidation of servers. The virtualisation leads to the automation and handling the planned work. For better extension, there are hard disk and RAM which is able to install and properly recognise depending upon the drives. The plugs and other components measure the system depending upon change in the data and other services. The Plug and Play factor utilises the ability to handle the memory which sticks to hardware range as per the different usage of files and data. The software and the internal storage is apt to take care of the flash drives depending upon the networking interfaces. The ports and other USB systems needs to handle the sound cards which could take care of the files of data as well as other software utilities. The applications and other software measure the peripherals which are the keyboards and other storage lie camera etc. for handling the monitors, there is a need to replicate on the data ports an take care of the different tasks which matches with the backup factors. There are certain rollback and other important updates which could improve the installation and upgrade the system depending upon how much accuracy is there. The server of the computer contains the operations which can carry out the different messages within organisations. To take care of the same, there are: Desktop computers which take hold of the processor and other units to handle the display and other inputs of the devices. The computer which is portable is generally transported through different systems and as per the convenience the communication is done. 2. The Dell Power Edge 1950 tries to focus on the efficiency and the performance with which the models relying on the same. The optimisation and other servers track all the root problems which handle the remote areas and take care of the monitors which are local to work depending upon the machines ability. As pre the servers, there are different processes which handle the suspension as try to monitor to locate and get over the abilities as per the different apps on the server. The dell server try to handle the capacity which take care of the network systems depending upon the applications and other features. The 23 bit system needs to handle a standardised function as per how there is a possibility for supplying a standard drive for backing up the data. In order to keep the system on hold, there are certain controllers which take care how to back up the data and control the system. If protecting the supply and plugging as per the support of the redundancy, there are certain supports which drive the data and leads to control the system to handle the backup along with designing some important servers. The performance needs to match up with the services which are able to match up the PowerEdge server system. The local and remote areas try to handle the different address which are capable to take care of different applications of the network scenario. When the network is able to share the files and other resources, there is a support with increased security as well as efficiency. The file sharing feature has access to control the files and handle the delicacy as per the storage of the systems. The resources which are shared among the networks give a supply to the different networks depending upon the model availability. The handling of the administrator to control the file system depending upon the capacity to store in the systems. The concern to handle the independence and track how to resolve the consents generally handle the virus and other malware function. If the server is not linked properly to the robustness, then there is a crash and it becomes useless for the computer. The interdependence feature focus on the intensity with which the clients are able to communicate on the network and take care of different system requirements. Design Specification The requirements of the processor are 300MHz * 86. The memory of the RAM is 64MB. There is a need for the disk space and installation of the graphic cards. Evaluation of the suitability of the systems design The recommended additions are the sound card along with proper connection of the internet. The disk space should be more. Depending upon the analysis, there are certain requirements for: IPhone which should have an IOS of 8.33 and work with different IWorks. The Mac system should be able to run the Safari and Firefox as per the work. The PC should be able to support the cloud and other windows depending upon the outlook With the configuration of the control panels, there is a need to set up technologies which matches the panels and varnish the different systems. As per the solutions, there are supports which handle the components and other features to take care of the operating systems. The programs and other features need to figure out how the data is backed up and how the computer is able to take care of the peripherals as per the different transferrable programs. With the control over the RAM of programs, analysis and process needs to be done which enable to store important files as per the functioning of the system. The panels and other operating system handled the programs depending upon the storage of the file structure and arrange the time to process and take care of other issues. There is a set-up of the computer which needs to be handled with a proper support and network. Depending upon the control and applications of the network, it is important to take care of different topologies which matches and effectively handle the costs with which the system could shorten the network systems. For a suitable traffic support and other operations, the software needs to handle the access and ease with which the software needs to match with the availability of the data. 3: With the consolidation of different features, there is a need to test the cases and applications depending upon how there is a crash in the environment. To apply and install the system, there are balance with dynamic load to recover and utilise all the efficient resources. The recovery provide with the transitions of the operations and take care of how the expenditure handles the different flexible approaches. The collection and management focus on the software to improve the utilisation purpose, depending upon the systems and other supporting techniques. The architecture and other technologies matches with the associated consumption of power which matches and look forward for handling the para-virtual machines monitor. The process and the system eliminates other features and serves important management techniques of computation which deals with the different activities and help to develop the proper network computation system. 4: The system needs to be taken care along with highlight then updates of the software and other hardware scenarios. There are different measures which match the pursuits and take care as to how to manage and research the communication process depending upon the settings. The activities which are updates and categorised needs to be schedules under the usage of the different text tables which allow to analyse the security of the system. There is a need for the verification on updating the antivirus with a full scan of the system. The updates and other scenarios needs to measure and reside important changes depending upon how there is a compromise in the malware settings. To work properly, there are regulations of passwords in different systems which pay high to the storage of data and clean the files accordingly. The options of automation match with the process of ability to clean the different unwanted files and work towards a better performance. The automation tool matches with the schedule and other recovery approaches. The supply of power and to recharge the cycles, there are batteries which are set up to handle and take care of the system power forms. The updation of the drivers match with how the data needs to be recorded and how the software is able to match up to the expectations with proper clean-up of the stored data. References Auslander, Marc A.; Larkin, David C.; Scherr, Allan L. (1981). "The Evolution Of The Mvs Operating System" (PDF). IBM J. Research Development. Deitel, Harvey M.; Deitel, Paul; Choffnes, David. Operating Systems. Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-092641-8. Bic, Lubomur F.; Shaw, Alan C. (2003). Operating Systems. Pearson: Prentice Hall. Silberschatz, Avi; Galvin, Peter; Gagne, Greg (2008). Operating Systems Concepts. John Wiley Sons. ISBN 0-470-12872-0. O'Brien, J.A., Marakas, G.M.(2011). Management Information Systems. 10e. McGraw-Hill Irwin Leva, Alberto; Maggio, Martina; Papadopoulos, Alessandro Vittorio; Terraneo, Federico (2013). Control-based Operating System Design. IET. ISBN 978-1-84919-609-3. James E. Smith, Ravi Nair, Virtual Machines: Versatile Platforms For Systems And Processes, Morgan Kaufmann, May 2005, ISBN 1-55860-910-5, 656 pages (covers both process and system virtual machines) Craig, Iain D. Virtual Machines. Springer, 2006, ISBN 1-85233-969-1.

Herodotus Essays (1272 words) - Battle Of Thermopylae,

Herodotus As Herodotus develops his History he diverges from the main aspect of his narrative many times throughout the text. Many wonder why Herodotus diverges from the main point by introducing minor characters who do not seem relevant to the central theme. Some consider this method of narrative confusing and pointless but I believe that Herodotus has a purpose for including these minor figures and that these characters help express Herodotus ideology towards proper moral and political systems. These minor figures are developed and manipulated by Herodotus in order to express his ideas and he is able to accomplish this because these characters are flexible in the sense that the readers (and listeners) do not have a predisposition when introduced to these characters. By closely analyzing the minor characters throughout book seven we realize Herodotus purpose behind the inclusion of these characters is to demonstrate his beliefs on the proper morals people should exhibit and to show how Tyrann y is a poor form of government. As the History unfolds Herodotus diverges from the central idea by introducing characters which do not seem to correspond with that central theme. These diverges serve instruct the reader as to Herodotus view on moral issues. Herodotus expresses his view on the way death should be perceived by society through the words of Artabanus. Xerxes represents the common perception of death when he is admiring the vastness of his army and begins to weep because he realizes that they will all be gone in short span of time. Artabanus tells Xerxes Life is gives us greater occasion for pity that this. Short as his life is, no man is happybut many times, to wish himself dead rather alive (Artabanus 7.46). Herodotus is explaining through these words that death should not be seen in a negative view because life brings man so much troubles and anguish that he desires for death to come upon him. Artabanus tells us of these troubles when he says For there are calamities that meet him and diseases that d erange him, so that they make this lifeseem long (Artabanus 7.46). Even though people may agree with Xerxes actions that death should be pitied but Herodotus does show that life brings tragedy to man and that death may act as an escape from these tragedies. We are able to see the way proper behavior should be displayed when one has been dishonored according to Herodotus. In book seven Gelon, despot of Syracuse, is requested for assistants to battle Persia by Athens. Gelon is furious with this request because Athens dishonored him by refusing to help in the past. Gelon strongly tells Athens When I begged you to bear a hand with me in the fight against a barbarian enemywhen I kept urging you to avenge the murder of Dorieusyou did not come help, either for my sake or to avenge the murder of Dorieus (Gelon 7.158). Many people would not question Gelon for not helping the Athenians against the Persian invasion since they have been dishonored and now are a providence of Persia but he does offer the Athenians help. Herodotus uses Gelon to show how one should turn the other cheek when Gelon says But though I have met dishonor from you, I will not be like you (Gelon 7.158) and he offers ships and soldiers to the Athenians. Herodotus shows that one should fight in battle under any circumstance in different instances throughout book seven. As Xerxes marches towards Greece he and his army are provided food, shelter, and money by Pythius. All that Pythius asks for in return for his generosity is that is eldest son does not go to war with Persia and stays to care for him. Xerxes is enrages with this request because not fighting is not acceptable by anyone not even to the king himself. Xerxes says Vile creature, I am myself marching to Greece, and with me are my children, my brothers, my household, and my friends (Xerxes 7.39) and he punishes Pythius for even considering his son not fighting by murdering his eldest son. Another example of Herodotus view on fighting is when the Spartans are entrapped by the Persians and desire to battle to the

The Capture of Inca Atahualpa

The Capture of Inca Atahualpa On November 16, 1532, Atahualpa, lord of the Inca Empire, was attacked and captured by Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Once he was captured, the Spanish forced him to pay a mind-boggling ransom amounting to tons of gold and silver. Although Atahualpa produced the ransom, the Spanish executed him anyway. Atahualpa and the Inca Empire in 1532: Atahualpa was the reigning Inca (a word similar in meaning to King or Emperor) of the Inca Empire, which stretched from present-day Colombia into parts of Chile. Atahualpas father, Huayna Capac, had died sometime around 1527: his heir apparent died around the same time, throwing the Empire into chaos. Two of Huayna Capacs many sons began to fight over the Empire: Atahualpa had the support of Quito and the northern part of the Empire and Huscar had the support of Cuzco and the southern part of the Empire. More importantly, Atahualpa had the allegiance of three great generals: Chulcuchima, Rumià ±ahui and Quisquis. In early 1532 Huscar was defeated and captured and Atahualpa was lord of the Andes. Pizarro and the Spanish: Francisco Pizarro was a seasoned soldier and conquistador who had played a large role in the conquest and exploration of Panama. He was already a wealthy man in the New World, but he believed that there was a rich native kingdom somewhere in South America just waiting to be plundered. He organized three expeditions along the Pacific coast of South America between 1525 and 1530. On his second expedition, he met with representatives of the Inca Empire. On the third journey, he followed tales of great wealth inland, eventually making his way to the town of Cajamarca in November of 1532. He had about 160 men with him, as well as horses, arms and four small cannons. The Meeting in Cajamarca: Atahualpa happened to be in Cajamarca, where he was waiting for the captive Huscar to be brought to him. He heard rumors of this strange group of 160 foreigners making their way inland (looting and pillaging as they went) but he certainly felt secure, as he was surrounded by several thousand veteran warriors. When the Spanish arrived in Cajamarca on November 15, 1532, Atahualpa agreed to meet with them the next day. Meanwhile, the Spanish had seen for themselves the riches of the Inca Empire and with a desperation born of greed, they decided to try and capture the Emperor. The same strategy had worked for Hernn Cortà ©s some years before in Mexico. The Battle of Cajamarca: Pizarro had occupied a town square in Cajamarca. He placed his cannons on a rooftop and hid his horsemen and footsoldiers in buildings around the square. Atahualpa made them wait on the sixteenth, taking his time to arrive for the royal audience. He eventually showed up in the late afternoon, carried on a litter and surrounded by many important Inca noblemen. When Atahualpa showed up, Pizarro sent Father Vicente de Valverde out to meet with him. Valverde spoke to the Inca through an interpreter and showed him a breviary. After leafing through it, Atahualpa disdainfully threw the book on the ground. Valverde, supposedly angry at this sacrilege, called on the Spanish to attack. Instantly the square was packed with horsemen and footmen, slaughtering natives and fighting their way to the royal litter. The Massacre at Cajamarca: The Inca soldiers and noblemen were taken completely by surprise. The Spanish had several military advantages which were unknown in the Andes. The natives had never seen horses before and were unprepared to resist mounted foes. The Spanish armor made them nearly invulnerable to native weapons and steel swords hacked easily through native armor. The cannon and muskets, fired from the rooftops, rained thunder and death down into the square. The Spanish fought for two hours, massacring thousands of natives, including many important members of the Inca nobility. Horsemen rode down fleeing natives in the fields around Cajamarca. No Spaniard was killed in the attack and Emperor Atahualpa was captured. Atahualpas Ransom: Once the captive Atahualpa was made to understand his situation, he agreed to a ransom in exchange for his freedom. He offered to fill a large room once with gold and twice over with silver and the Spanish quickly agreed. Soon great treasures were being brought from all over the Empire, and greedy Spaniards broke them into pieces so that the room would fill more slowly. On July 26, 1533, however, the Spanish became frightened at rumors that Inca General Rumià ±ahui was in the vicinity and they executed Atahualpa, supposedly for treason in stirring up rebellion against the Spaniards. Atahualpa’s ransom was a great fortune: it added up to some 13,000 pounds of gold and twice that much silver. Sadly, much of the treasure was in the form of priceless works of art which were melted down. Aftermath of the Capture of Atahualpa: The Spanish caught a lucky break when they captured Atahualpa. First of all, he was in Cajamarca, which is relatively close to the coast: had he been in Cuzco or Quito the Spanish would have had a harder time getting there and the Inca may have struck first at these insolent invaders. The natives of the Inca Empire believed that their royal family was semi-divine and they would not lift a hand against the Spanish while Atahualpa was their prisoner. The several months that they held Atahualpa allowed the Spanish to send for reinforcements and come to understand the complex politics of the empire. Once Atahualpa was killed, the Spanish swiftly crowned a puppet Emperor in his place, allowing them to maintain their hold on power. They also marched first on Cuzco and then on Quito, eventually securing the empire. By the time one of their puppet rulers, Manco Inca (Atahualpas brother) realized that the Spanish had come as conquerors and started a rebellion it was too late. There were some repercussions on the Spanish side. After the conquest of Peru was complete, some Spanish reformers - most notably Bartolomà © de las Casas - began asking disturbing questions about the attack. After all, it was an unprovoked attack on a legitimate monarch and resulted in the massacre of thousands of innocents. The Spanish eventually rationalized the attack on the grounds that Atahualpa was younger than his brother Huscar, which made him a usurper. It should be noted, however, that the Inca did not necessarily believe that the eldest brother should succeed his father in such matters. As for the natives, the capture of Atahualpa was the first step in the near-total destruction of their homes and culture. With Atahualpa neutralized (and Huscar murdered on his brothers orders) there was no one to rally resistance to the unwanted invaders. Once Atahualpa was gone, the Spanish were able to play off traditional rivalries and bitterness to keep the natives from uniting against them.

A Truly Incredible Journey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Truly Incredible Journey - Essay Example The title of the story suits perfectly and is appropriate as the story shows a truly incredible journey, demonstrating extraordinary and unwavering love, courage and loyalty of three faithful animals. The story is about three house pets, a young and strong Labrador Retriever, an old yet courageous Bull Terrier and a feisty Siamese cat who are left in the care of John, a family friend as their owners, the Hunters, leave for England. Soon, John sets out and leaves for a long trip. Instincts tell the three to embark on a journey to edge through the Canadian west in search for their loving masters. Facing hunger, starvation, threats and attacks from animals, together the two dogs and the cat learn teamwork and solidarity. Through this, they survive and continue their journey back to their housemasters. Separately, they would never be able to survive the dangers of the woods and succeed. Though, together as a team, they were equipped to endure and face the impediments and obstacles that c ame their way. After challenged with physical attacks, food shortage and separation from one another, they were able to get through.

Report and project plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Report and project plan - Essay Example Due to numbers of internal and external problems and issues, the company’s Board of Directors has decided to overhaul the whole company in all aspects. The board is aimed to formulate a plan to bring revolutionary changes in the working and operational environment of the company. Spector (2010), states that managers are generally more responsible to carry out such kind of revolutionary plans. The detailed report of this project plan is summarized in the form of Gantt chart prepared by Microsoft Office Project as Appendix-I. The main aims and objectives for the plan are: Establishing a vertical integration structure so that dependability of Pipework is minimized on external agencies Setting up of integrated information technology system throughout the company Improve the overall standards and minimizing the grievances of the workforce Enforcing of democratic leadership style instead of autocratic style Improving the quality control TASK 1: VERTICAL INTEGRATION STRUCTURE Pipewor k is not directly related to selling. Basically it is a manufacturing company which deals with the manufacturing of pipes, boiler, and household items. Besides several administrative and non-technical issues, the company is also facing challenges at its production and quality department. These challenges include some macro level issues like political and economic constraints in different countries. In respect of production, company is not capable of making the branded items. For manufacturing of some accessories or certain parts of an item, Pipework is highly dependent on other manufacturing organizations. Thus bargaining power of suppliers is high. As far as quality of production is concerned, the imported items are not conforming to the desired specifications. Although, company has managed to procure some manufactured items from third world countries, but even then boilers manufactured from Taiwan and Korea has created difficult conditions for Pipework because their prices are rel atively too low. Pipework cannot compete the price war because it has to cost extra amount on transportation of goods from other countries as well as the custom and import duties take the prices even more high. In recent years, the situation has reduced the overall revenue of the company. Therefore, in order to improve the market share, Board of Directors has intended to invest heavily on the vertical integration structure in the company. A vertically integrated company is generally independent of external supporting factors thus becomes more competitive (Slack, 2010). Zara fashion retailer and Apple Inc. are excellent examples of vertically integrated companies. Successful execution of this plan will not only generate the turnover of the company but will also support it to set up other tasks effectively. Objectives To reduce the dependency on external agencies, setting up a well-established vertically integrated structure in the company. It will be executed by: Setting up of separa te independent plants equipped with latest design and

Flannery O'Connor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Flannery O'Connor - Essay Example Often, O’Connor’s stories came to reflect a non-secular nation at war with itself, although many of her works focused on the fictional tale of one family, who happens to be directly affected by this conflict (with the occasional murder). Even today, as the intertwining aspects of violence and religion continue to appear across America’s newspapers and our awareness of the world, O’Connor’s works tap the underlying issues plaguing many peoples since they were first written. Flannery O’Connor spent the earliest and latest years of her life residing in Georgia. Although she was a devout Roman Catholic, her 1955 short story â€Å"Good Country People† followed the lives of a protestant family and one â€Å"naà ¯ve† Bible salesman. This particular story follows Hulga Hopewell, a PhD in Philosophy, who swore off many of the non-intellectual aspects of the world, including the affection of men. But, when a Bible salesman saunters into town to preach for his own prophet, she decides that despite her limited experience with the opposite sex (since she had never been kissed), she would seduce the boy, believing he was simple and inexperienced when it came to love. When she proceeds to exert her dominance, she begins to succumb to the notion of love and affection (even allowing him to remove her wooden leg, which was dismembered when she was an adolescent). But then she refuses to take the next step in their fiery short relationship, so he s natches her leg and stuffs it into his suitcase, and leaves Hulga behind. However, despite the differences between O’Connor’s personal beliefs and those of her characters, numerous similarities exist between the author and her work. The main character Hulga and O’Connor remain comparable on several levels. They were both intellectuals who also suffered from debilitation, as Helga has a prosthetic leg and O’Connor was stricken with lupus, which

Devoted For Multi Vendor Network

Devoted For Multi Vendor Network 1 Introduction This document is comprised of two chapters, one each for two case studies given in the assignment. First chapter defines the diskless workstations and introduces the characteristics of diskless workstations. It also introduces the choices available in the thin client market. First chapter also discusses on how to choose an operating system for the diskless workstations. Later in the chapter, a discussion is made on interdependence among workstation and network hardware, when it comes to implementing diskless workstations in the network. Chapter two is devoted for multi-vendor network concept/ Strategy. First, it discusses the pros and cons of multi-vendor networking systems. Then it evaluates the impact of current network technology and standards. Furthermore the chapter contains a discussion on how network protocols facilitate multi-vendor networks. In the final part of this document the role of the software and hardware components and also the guidelines for selecting server types for multi-vendor networks is also discussed. 2 Case 1 Task 1.1 a) Diskless Workstations Diskless workstation is a computer system with no disk drives installed locally; therefore booting its operating system from a server in the local area network. Sometimes when a computer system is having a disk drive but do not using it, that system is also called a diskless workstation. Diskless Workstations provide less costly but more secure networking solutions for enterprises. Characteristics of diskless workstations are, The operating system is loaded from the server when booting up. Obviously all the other software resides in the server. (Firmware is installed on the diskless workstations itself to initiate the boot process) Processing is done in the diskless workstations, not in the server. In some implementations, processing is also done on the server and those diskless workstations are originally called Thin clients. Both the raw data and processed data are stored in the server. Diskless workstation fetches them when needed. Choices available on the market Conventional Diskless workstations with lower processing power and memory. E.g. Dell Wyse R Thin client High performance Thin clients like HP t510 Flexible Thin Client Server choices Almost all the Linux flavours such as Ubuntu, openSUSE and etc. supports network booting and therefore can be installed on our centralized server. Also windows XP, Vista, 7 and 8 supports booting over the local area network and therefore those operating systems can also be deployed. There are user friendly third party software available in the internet to facilitate easy deployment of diskless workstations in the company networks. When choosing an operating system for the diskless workstations following facts can be considered. Linux Operating systems and the software are totally free, whereas windows operating systems cost hundreds of US dollars (Agrawal et al, 2005). Linux supports many more processor types and architectures than windows does. Since Linux is open source, an experienced IT administrator can change the behaviour of operating system as needed. Linux is extremely stable. It offers a feature called memory protection which prevents a crashed application from crashing the entire system (Agrawal et al, 2005). Linux offer more security than windows does. Linux doesnt have viruses and malwares as windows and therefore the server can operate freely without a danger to its operating system or data stored in it. Linux outperforms windows when it comes to multi user workstations. But sometimes Linux is more resource hungry than other workstations (Agrawal et al, 2005). Both Linux and Windows supports multi-tasking. b) Interdependence of workstation hardware with other network components Diskless workstations have their operating systems in the server. When workstation needs to use a network component like a printer, the server will have to communicate with that network component. I.e. server has to communicate on behalf of all the diskless workstations. This can lead to congestions and increase in traffic. Also, all the network computers are using the server hard disk, CPU, Memory and etc. workstation (Client) hardware has to wait until server hardware provides the data it requested. So the bottom line is deploying diskless workstations/ Network computers in the network will increase the Interdependence of workstation hardware. Therefore it is very important to install reliable hardware and software components in the server, and implement backup techniques and redundancy techniques for the server. Task 1.2 a) Benefits and constrains of different network topologies Network topologies characterize the way in which network elements (Nodes) are interconnected to each other in a network. There are four standard network topologies to be identified. (Tanenbaum 2006) 1) Bus topology 2) Ring topology 3) Star topology 4) Mesh topology Bus topology All the nodes are connected to a single cable called a Bus. Benefits 1) Easy to implement 2) Requires less cable length, and therefore it is cheaper 3) If a node (Computer) fails, that does not affect others Constrains 1) Suitable only for networks with few computers (Lowe 2008) 2) If the cable breaks from a point, entire network will fail Ring Topology Network nodes are connected as a ring. When two nodes are communicating, data must travel through all the intermediate nodes (Lowe 2008) Benefits 1) Easy to implement 2) Easy to troubleshoot Constrains 1) If a node fails, entire network will fail Star topology Each and every computer is connected to a hub or switch. Benefits 1) Centralized nature gives simplicity (Easy to troubleshoot) (Lowe 2008) 2) If a node (Computer) fails, that does not affect others Constrains 1) If the hub fails, entire network fails 2) Require more cable lengths Mesh Topology Each and every node is connected to each other Benefits 1) Offers redundancy 2) Easy to troubleshoot 3) Multiple conversations can take place at same time Constrains 3) Waste of resources 4) Require more cable lengths and therefore expensive Network computer was originally a trademark of Sun Microsystems for their diskless workstations. Later this term was used for all the diskless workstations. Thin client is also a diskless workstation, but unlike diskless workstation, thin client does the processing on the server. For network computers and thin clients, mesh topology is not suitable. In mesh topology all the clients are connected with each other, but these connections are useless. Since the server is connected to all the clients and server has the files and processed data, it can directly transfer them to the desired destinations. Bus topology and ring topology are too risky and it is also a waste of resources. If the network has the star topology; i.e. each and every diskless node is connected to the centralized server using a dedicated path the resources will be used in an efficient manner. b) Impact of current network technology on network computers One can think, if the files are stored on a remote server, then to access those files from the thin client will take more time than a normal workstation does. Also in one particular implementation of a thin client all the processing is done in the server. But thanks to the modern LAN technologies that is not a problem at all. Gigabit Ethernet provides 10-100 gigabits per second data rates within the LAN. Also in the last decade hard disk drives and processors evolved a lot giving greater speeds, memory capacities and performance to the network. Since all the clients are storing their data on central server, server needs to have high capacity hard disks with higher access speeds. Also the technology has become cheaper over the time. These facts really help the evolvement of network computer concept. c) How network protocols enable the effective utilization of Network computers It is evident that a network with diskless workstations/ Network computers has much data to be transferred back and forth between the server and itself than a network with normal PC workstations. So there will be more traffic in the network and almost all the time server will be accessed by many client workstations. This will lead to collisions and collisions will trigger retries from the clients and that will also add up to the network traffic, thus making exponential growth of the traffic. Therefore an impressive multiple access protocol is needed for the network, in order to effectively utilizes the true strength of network computers. TCP/IP protocol stack provides a powerful multiple access technology in its data link layer. Ethernet, fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet are some of the most important physical layer protocols that enable fast communication between network computers. 3 Case 2 Task 2.1 a) Benefits and constrains of Network systems and topologies in multi-vendor networks When a network evolves with the time the enterprise would want to purchase more equipment for the network. But by now there may be cheaper products in the market, from other vendors than your original vendor. So multi-vendor networks can save initial cost for the evolved network. Also when a new technology is introduced by a different vendor, that saves time and cost, it is good to purchase those equipments than sticking to the same vendor. Different vendors have different configuration changes, different user interfaces different terms and etc. Therefore working in a multi-vendor system is a harder job and requires more expertise and experience. Also it will require training programs for existing professionals and it may demand more IT professionals for the company. If we consider star topology, each node is connected to the hub or switch. Therefore at most only two nodes of different vendors will be communicating with each other physically. But if we take mesh topology, the situation is different. Each node is connected with every other node in the network. Therefore a machine built by a particular vendor will have to communicate with many more machines manufactured by different vendors. b) Impact of Current Network Technology for the multi-vendor networks New network operating systems are compatible with each other. Services are built in to those operating systems and therefore they can co-exist after little or no configuration changes are done. Network protocols are standardized by IEEE to maintain consistency in networking devices and operations. This facilitates the multi-vendor network environments to grow popularity. c) Duty of Network Protocols in multi-vendor network environments Different network components may have different hardware and/or software specifications. They may be manufactured by different vendors. But at the end of the day, a network administrator must be able to connect all those network components with each other and build a working network. This is achieved by the use of network protocols. (Lammle 2007) Generally todays multi-vendor networks use TCP/IP protocol stack which comprises of five layers. A layer normally has two interfaces with the immediate bottom layer and the immediate top layer. Each layer provides a set of functions to the layer above, and relies on the functions of the layer below (Kozierok 2005). Interface on the top will clearly specify the services that are available from that layer. And Interface on the bottom will clearly specify the services that required from the immediate bottom layer (Kozierok 2005). So, as long as network components manufacturers stick to this layered protocol architectures, it does not matter how the hardware work, what are the hardware and software specifications inside and etc. d) Role of software and Hardware in multi-vendor networks Different vendors will implement the same process using different hardware units with different performance. Even though the hardware is vendor specific, sometimes same software can be installed on them and then the user will have the same interfaces and that will hide the complexity induced by the multi-vendor network for some extent. But sometimes the vendor itself develops the software that runs on its hardware and that will increase the overhead of remembering configuration settings and menu items for different vendors. So in a multi-vendor network environment the job of the hardware would be to perform the task in a unique way with its available hardware chips and processing powers. The job of the software is to control the unique hardware as needed but presenting common configurations settings and interfaces to the user. e) Server types for multi-vendor networks When selecting a server for a multi-vendor network environment, the IT administrator must take into account the vendors that are in the network. Some vendors are interoperable while some are not. Server can be used to make communication possible among those non interoperable vendors and that technique is called Server Interoperability. This is accomplished by installing communication services on the server as opposed to the other approach where software are installed on the clients to make communication compatible. This way we can connect an Apple Macintosh client to a Windows network environment. Microsoft Windows provides software that facilitates network services for Apple Macintosh and Linux clients. Some modern servers have these services built into them, so that the network administrator doesnt have to worry about it. 4 Conclusion From this assignment I was able to sharpen my knowledge on Diskless workstations and thin clients. I identified the characteristics of diskless workstations and the choices available on the market; both in hardware aspect and in software aspect. I discussed about the network operating systems available for the diskless workstations and also about the interdependence of workstation hardware in the context of networks with diskless workstations. Also, in order to provide answers for task 2, I studied about the advantages and dis advantages of multi-vendor network Strategy. Then I discussed the impact of multi-vendor network Strategy on current network technology and standards. Also I studied about how network protocols enable machines of different vendors coexist in the same network. Also I did a small research about selecting a server for a multi-vendor network environment and about the role of software and hardware in a multi-vendor network. That was really helpful for me and the results were introduced in the latter part of the assignment.

Jews And The Cultural Life Of Fin De Siecle Vienna :: European Europe History

Jews And The Cultural Life Of Fin De Siecle Vienna "Mythenbildung ist wie kristallisation in der gesattigten salzlosung: es wird dann im entscheidenden augenblick alles mythisch" Arthur Schnitzler (Buch der Freunde) (1) Viennese Jews proportionally did have more representatives in the cultural sphere. This can be because they had the means, ways and opportunity to exploit their situation to pursue the arts. Steven Beller states quite unequivocally "Whether it be Freud, Schoenberg, Schnitzler or Wittgenstein, the number of individuals at the top level of Viennese culture - or rather that type of culture for which Vienna is today so famous - who are of at least partly Jewish descent is so large that it cannot be ignored." (2) And indeed it has not been ignored, rather it has been used to create myth.(3) with many of the authors who write on the Jews of fin-de-siecle Vienna depicting a golden age and of a homogenuous Jewish culture with a shared common identity.(4) Yet Ernst Gombrich recently controversially asserted, whilst giving a lecture on the topic of, "Fin de siecle Vienna and its Jewish Cultural influences", "I am of the opinion that the notion of Jewish Culture was, and is, an invention of Hit ler and his forerunners and after-runners. (5) There is then a controversy centered around Jewishness which likewise examines the individual and their level of faith, secularisation or assimilation.(6) For indeed what at this time did it mean to be a Jew? What also was the Cultural life in this Vienna? (7) Judaism is a religion. It is not a nationality. Nowadays Israel is synomonous with Judaism but there was no State of Israel in the 19th century and there was no holocaust in the 19th century. It is necessary to state this because they have both in their own ways changed our perceptions as to what it means to be a Jew. The Jews of Vienna despite being portrayed as a homogenous unit were in fact divided on many lines. There were firstly, major class divisions, also they had a myriad of political beliefs, they had as many nationalities as the empire and more, and even with regards religion there were differences, since even an assimilated, lapsed or aethistic Jew could still be regarded as a Jew. Throughout the history of the Habsburg Empire, Jews had been bankers to the Crown. Despite prejudice and restrictions on their movement and Jews And The Cultural Life Of Fin De Siecle Vienna :: European Europe History Jews And The Cultural Life Of Fin De Siecle Vienna "Mythenbildung ist wie kristallisation in der gesattigten salzlosung: es wird dann im entscheidenden augenblick alles mythisch" Arthur Schnitzler (Buch der Freunde) (1) Viennese Jews proportionally did have more representatives in the cultural sphere. This can be because they had the means, ways and opportunity to exploit their situation to pursue the arts. Steven Beller states quite unequivocally "Whether it be Freud, Schoenberg, Schnitzler or Wittgenstein, the number of individuals at the top level of Viennese culture - or rather that type of culture for which Vienna is today so famous - who are of at least partly Jewish descent is so large that it cannot be ignored." (2) And indeed it has not been ignored, rather it has been used to create myth.(3) with many of the authors who write on the Jews of fin-de-siecle Vienna depicting a golden age and of a homogenuous Jewish culture with a shared common identity.(4) Yet Ernst Gombrich recently controversially asserted, whilst giving a lecture on the topic of, "Fin de siecle Vienna and its Jewish Cultural influences", "I am of the opinion that the notion of Jewish Culture was, and is, an invention of Hit ler and his forerunners and after-runners. (5) There is then a controversy centered around Jewishness which likewise examines the individual and their level of faith, secularisation or assimilation.(6) For indeed what at this time did it mean to be a Jew? What also was the Cultural life in this Vienna? (7) Judaism is a religion. It is not a nationality. Nowadays Israel is synomonous with Judaism but there was no State of Israel in the 19th century and there was no holocaust in the 19th century. It is necessary to state this because they have both in their own ways changed our perceptions as to what it means to be a Jew. The Jews of Vienna despite being portrayed as a homogenous unit were in fact divided on many lines. There were firstly, major class divisions, also they had a myriad of political beliefs, they had as many nationalities as the empire and more, and even with regards religion there were differences, since even an assimilated, lapsed or aethistic Jew could still be regarded as a Jew. Throughout the history of the Habsburg Empire, Jews had been bankers to the Crown. Despite prejudice and restrictions on their movement and

Consider William Blakes presentation of love in the poem The Clod and the Pebble Essay

(b) Paying close attention to language and form, write a critical appreciation of the following poem, considering William Blake’s presentation of love in the poem ‘The Clod and the Pebble’. The Clod and the Pebble â€Å"Love seeketh not itself to please, Nor for itself hath any care, But for another gives its ease, And builds a Heaven in Hell’s despair.† So sung a little Clod of Clay 5 Trodden with the cattle’s feet, But a Pebble of the brook Warbled out these metres meet: â€Å"Love seeketh only self to please, To bind another to its delight, 10 Joys in another’s loss of ease, And builds a Hell in Heaven’s despite.† The ostensible cuteness of the poem The Clod and the Pebble perhaps masks a more morbid and deeply cynical assessment of love by the poet William Blake. Initially, the contrast between the clod and the pebble’s speeches on love might encourage a positive response to the clod’s optimism about how love can rescue us from even the most hellish position. The pebble’s pessimism about love, on the other hand, is unpleasant and unsettling, but it’s also a more accurate reflection of the brutal nature of the world as it is depicted in the poem. Blake’s presentation of love, then, is ambivalent. While the ideal that love is able to overcome any circumstance is appealing, it might not be a realistic assessment in the context of the world’s cruelty. Blake’s personification of the clod and the pebble captures two very different human experiences. We are told that the clod is â€Å"trodden with the cattle’s feet.† With the word â€Å"trodden† Blake captures the experience of continual hardship, and being repeatedly downtrodden, subjugated and abused. There is also tactile imagery of weight and pressure from the â€Å"cattle’s feet,† restricting the clod and forcing it into a new shape. In this way, the clod is described as though it experiences human suffering. It makes us think about someone who has had to become flexible to fit the continual hardship of their circumstances – reflected in the physical properties of a soft clod of clay. It is then pleasantly surprising that the clod sings about love in the most optimistic way. On the one hand, the clod’s optimism concerning love is deeply admirable, and the parallel structure used to present this speech alongside the pebble’s emphasises that optimism in the most appealing way. The clod states that love â€Å"builds a Heaven in Hell’s despair,† while the pebble states that it â€Å"builds a Hell in Heaven’s despite.† The clod speaks from the context of a hellish existence that entails pain and suffering, and endows love with the capacity to transcend such an experience and create a heavenly existence of joy and happiness. The pebble, on the other hand, speaks from a comparatively heavenly existence and instead endows love with the capacity to corrupt that existence with the pain and suffering suggested by the word â€Å"Hell.† Our feeling that the clod is admirably optimistic ten evolves into a feeling that we too want and even believe that love will rescue and provide solace to this figure. Conversely, the parallel structure also helps to emphasise the pebble’s pessimism. The clod declares that â€Å"love seeketh not itself,† while the pebble answers that â€Å"love seeketh only self.† The phrases â€Å"not itself† and â€Å"only self† create a clear juxtaposition here of the two views of love. The first underscores it as essentially selfless, while the other underscores it as absolutely and solely selfish. Moreover, while the clod sings happily about how love â€Å"for another gives its ease† the pebble responds with how love â€Å"joys in another’s loss of ease.† The clod’s words suggest an action of willing self-sacrifice, while the pebble’s words suggest a selfish acquisition that leaves another diminished. Of course, the pebble’s view means that there is no hope for the clod and that love in fact provides no Heaven. Furthemore, the pebble’s assessment of love is deeply cynical and ugly. It is, however, true to both its own experience and that of the clod. The clod is â€Å"trodden† upon while the pebble is â€Å"of the brook.† We imagine a gentle and tranquil existence within the soft current of a stream. Traditionally, however, rivers also symbolise a journey from innocence to worldliness. The water represents the experience that flows over us during life, leaving us more aware. This experience has left the pebble implacable. We imagine someone who has become hardened from experience – and this is reflected in the physical properties of the pebble. Now the water is forced to bend around the pebble, just as the clod must bend around the feet of the cattle. This is a depiction of the world’s harshness and cruelty, and we cannot help but appreciate that it is the pebble’s assessment of love that more accurately reflects it. To conclude, perhaps the poem is as much about idealism and realism as it is about love. Love, after all, is subject to our tendency to be both idealistic and realistic. Ultimately though, it seems that the depiction of the world as harsh and brutal confirms a negative view of love as equally harsh and brutal. At the very least, the poem encourages us to be ambivalent of love and not suppose it to be a kind of saviour capable of transcending all.

My First Rifle Essay

My First Rifle Essay My First Rifle Essay My First Rifle When I was about thirteen years old, my dad gave me my first rifle, which was a Marlin thirty-thirty lever action carbine. I was so happy that I wanted to go out right then and hunt but my dad told me that I had to take my time and do target practice, then I would have to find the perfect spot to sit, and finally I had to take my time and take the best shot possible. I then though that I would hate what it would take to go hunting because it was at that moment that I realized that not every thing is as easy as you think it will be. My dad got me my first rifle when I was just thirteen and that was the greatest thing that I had ever got for my birthday. The gun was a thirty-thirty lever action Marlin carbine. I could not wait to go hunting; however, my dad said that there were a few things that I would have to due first which hearing that I was unhappy because I thought that all I had to do since I had a gun was go out and hunt. He told me that I had to first learn how to clean the gun before I would be aloud to go hunting I did not want to learn to clean the gun to me that sounded boring. I soon found out that the reason I had to learn to clean my rifle was so that it would be fully functional. Therefore, I learned how to disassemble and clean then reassemble my thirty-thirty. My dad then said that I had to sight it in which I thought ok that would not be hard. It took use a week to get it sighted in because the scope mounts were not mounted right. Therefore, when we got that fixed and finally got it sighted in I thought I was done. I was then informed that I had to be able to shoot the bull’s-eye at least eight out of ten times without a miss. It took me about three days of constant dedication to be able to hit the target at least eight times in a row and by that time I was determined to get the full ten

Grif Term Paper Essays - Military History By Country, Free Essays

Grif Term Paper Essays - Military History By Country, Free Essays The US-led Coalition Air Campaign Against ISIS Riley Stallings 4/20/18 In last decade, terrorism has gone up by a factor of a four. Its as simple as that. In that last six years, the number of fatalities from terrorist acts in the world increased from roughly 15,000 to a peak of almost 44,000 deaths in 2014. ( Max Roser, Mohamed Nagdy , Hannah Ritchie , 2018) This has coincided with the growth and increased activity of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (Da ' esh, in Arabic), or ISIS as it is more commonly referred, in nations such as Iraq and Syria, where it ' s numbers are most prevalent. This Islamic state is a " transnational Sunni Islamist insurgent and terrorist group that controls large areas of Iraq and Syria . " (Christopher Blanchard, Carla Humud, Congressional Research Service, 2017) It has affiliates in several other countries, as well as large groups of supporters worldwide. The group has only since been recognized as one o f the largest threats to worldwide security and human rights in the last four years, despite its founding almost 20 years ago. In 2014, many nations of the world, lead by the United States, formed a coalition, which now has 75 partners worldwide, with the goal of " degrading and ultimately defeating Daesh. " (The Global Coalition, 2014) This coalition has coordinated efforts to reduce the size and power of the Islamic state through military action, and the development of strategies and tactics to reduce the number of personnel. This coalition and its actions, specifically its use of air strikes, have been called into question and have gained a lot of attention about the ethical responsibility of the coalition. Examination of the casualty data in the Middle East , from the nations that are the most afflicted by the Islamic State, has brought forward criticism of the ever-growing number of civilian lives taken by these airstrikes. The US-led coalition ' s air cam paign against the Islamic State has had a profound affect on not only the population of the Islamic state, but also the population of civilians living in and around territories occupied by the Islamic State. The Islamic state has a history of over a decade of power struggles, mostly relating to the changing over of leadership, and struggles with its affiliation with other groups in the Middle East . According to Kenneth Katzman, a specialist in Middle East ern Affairs at the Congressional Research Service, in 2006, a leader in the Al Qaeda organization, branched off of the organization and created the self-titled Al Qaeda in Iraq, which he later rebranded into the Islamic State in Iraq. This is the first emergence of the Islamic State in the Middle East . Later, in 2013, after the suicide bombing of the leader of the first Islamic State, Abu Ayyub Al-Masri, a new leader, Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, had taken over and, he rebrands the organization into the Islamic State in Iraq and Greater Syria, as we now know the terrorist organization. (Tara John, Time Magazine) According to Fawaz A Gerges, who wrote ISIS: A History , this organization began to extend their reach, spreading to and conquering the City of Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq. In the fighting for control of Mosul, the Islamic State reduced the size of the Iraqi Security Force, which was a US-trained and US-funded group, from roughly 280,000 active duty personnel to a mere 50,000 men. The author then goes on to talk about how the US president at the time, President Barack Obama, dismissed this somewhat obvious danger to international security as amateurish and that it did not present a serious threat to America ' s or its allies ' interests. In Barack Obama ' s exact words, " The analogy we use around here sometimes, and I think is accurate, is if a j.v. ' team puts on Lakers uniforms that doesn ' t make them Kobe Bryant. . . . I think there is a distinction between the capacity and reach of bin Laden and a network that is actively planning major terrorist plots against the homeland versus jihadists who are engaged in various

Customer service problem solving and alcohol management Essay

Customer service problem solving and alcohol management - Essay Example In this context, it is significant to develop a cohesive and strong staff. We train the employees in reference to the ways that we feel best for them to deal with the customers. Despite the fact that we realize that the staff has some prior experience before coming to work for us, we prefer to give them additional training so as to bring them up to par with the standards of restaurant management. We equip the staffs with the necessary information and skills that are critical in their line of work in the restaurant (Pattie 89). We are aware that customers are of different characteristics. In this sense, it is important to prepare for instances where one has to deal with customers of all types. There are customers who are stubborn while others are angry and in some cases there are violent ones. These are some of the worst customers that one has to deal with, but there are others who are sick or injured and these are calmer ones. Therefore, we also train the staff so as to aid them in dealing with these people. We advise the staff to make sure that they pay keen attention to the concerns of the customers and this means listening to the customers. Listening is an important step in the quest to find a resolution to the problems that affect the customers. We advise the staff that it is imperative to listen to the customers in order to understand their problem. After establishing the problem, it is also important to acknowledge the severity or fatality of the matter. Thus, the most applicable negotiating skills are listening and acknowledging the root of the problem (Pattie 127). The restaurant has several facilities that offer spots for relaxation for the clients. There is a bar that is fully stocked with all brands of alcohol ranging from wines, whiskey, vodka, gins among others. The bar is mostly for the middle age individuals who are looking for a place to relax as they

CRIMINAL LAW Barrister advice and defence statement Essay

CRIMINAL LAW Barrister advice and defence statement - Essay Example Mr. Olmeda saw the defendant, Joseph Wearn, hovering around a display of walking sticks. Mr. Wearn was looking around rather suspiciously. Mr. Olmeda contacted his colleague in the video control room to have the camera operator focus on Mr. Wearn. Mr. Olmeda then witnessed Mr. Wearn take a walking stick. Mr. Wearn camouflaged the walking stick and made a speedy exit through the front of the store without stopping to pay for the item. Mr. Olmeda followed Mr. Wearn all the way to the main concourse area inside Brent Cross shipping centre. Mr. Olmeda took hold of Mr. Wearn’s arm and cautioned him that he was the store detective and that he watched him remove a walking stick and exit the door without paying for it. Mr. Olmeda asked Mr. Wearn to step inside the store with him while he contacted the store manager, Mrs. Linda Levison. Mr. Olmeda retrieved the walking stick from Mr. Wearn when he stopped him outside of the store. Mr. Wearn repeatedly shouted obscenities while on the w ay to the store manager’s office, Mrs. Linda Levison’s office. Mr. Olmeda explained to Mrs. Levison what had just transpired and handed her the walking stick. The store manager, Mrs. Linda Levison, phoned the police who arrived at 12.50 hours. Mr. Olmeda explained what had transpired and then he returned to his post. Witness: Mrs. Linda Levison Occupation: Store manager of John Lewis, Brent Cross, London Statement taken: 9 December 2010 Summation: Mrs. Linda Levison is the store manager for John Lewis, Bent Cross, London. On 8 December 2010, Mrs. Levison was met in her office by store detective, Javi Olmeda. Mr. Olmeda informed her that he had apprehended Mr. Joseph Wearn for taking a walking stick from the store without paying for it. Mrs. Levison took Mr. Wearn, who was escorted by the store detective, Javi Olmeda, to her office. She proceeded to call the police who arrived on or about 12.50 hours. This is pursuant to the store policy of contacting the police wheneve r a theft is alleged. According to Mrs. Levison, the alleged perpetrator, Mr. Wearn was crying while they awaited the police to arrive. Once the police had arrived, Mr. Olmeda, the store detective, recounted the allegation and returned to his post. According to Mrs. Levison, the walking stick that she had been given by Mr. Olmeda was characterized by a prominent lion’s head handle. It also had the store’s label attached to it so that Mrs. Levison was able to ascertain that the item in question was indeed sold at her store and part of the inventory. With the information from the label of the walking stick, Mrs. Levison was able to identify it as part of the store inventory and that such a walking stick, according to computer records, was not sold on 8 December 2010. Mrs. Levison handed the walking stick over to one of the attending officers, PC May. She then witnessed Officer May arrest Mr. Wearn and watched them leave her office. Mrs. Levison is producing the computer records from 8 December 2010 (Exhibit LL/1), and is willing to give evidence in court. Witness: Richard Fairchild Occupation: Security camera operator Statement taken: 9 December 2010 Summation: Mr. Fairchild is employed as a security camera operator by Securigard PLC. On 8 December 2010, he was working at the John Lewis Partnership’s central office manning the camera desk. Mr. Fairchild is responsible for operating the security camera. The security camera is set up to monitor and record

Innocent smoothies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Innocent smoothies - Assignment Example Innocent’s mini-kiosks were some of the few food outlets in the Olympic park offering healthy food alternatives to the millions of attendees. The company also ran a two-week campaign called ‘Tweet for A seat’ prior to the start of the Olympics (Eleftheriou-Smith, 2012). This was intended to have the fans regenerate the advertisements by tweeting pictures of the company’s products to their followers. In the campaign, Innocent called on its Twitter followers to suggest whom they wanted to take with them to the Olympics and the reason for a chance to win a seat for two. The campaign followed a decision by the company to scrap off its scheduled promotion through which it aimed to improve the sale of Olympic tickets. Smoothie had worked to be the official smoothie and juice sponsor of the Olympics. Before the start of 2012 Olympic, Innocent launched a healthy living campaign, which encouraged people to kick off the year with healthy lifestyles (Eleftheriou-Smith, 2011). The company features one retired athlete, Kris Akabusi in its video advert clips and billboards with a message to encourage people to get back into fitness through exercising. It gave away free day passes to the gyms of virgin active all over Europe (OReilly, 2014). Although this campaign was not geared to promoting the Olympics, it helped the company generate more revenue clocking 200 million pounds the following year. The company’s promotional campaigns have always focused on marketing its products as the best alternative healthy foods in Europe. It prompts people to focus on their health and watch their diet. Its tagline ‘tastes good, does good’ is meant to appeal to the buyers to buy the products and feel the tastes and effects of the product. By appealing to the healthy lifestyle, the company brands itself as the only one offering alternatives to longer living. This is a moral appeal

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a set of physical and mental birth defects that can result when a woman drinks alcohol during her pregnancy. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, such as beer, wine, or mixed drinks, so does her baby. Alcohol passes through the placenta right into the developing baby. The baby may suffer lifelong damage as a result. FAS is characterized by brain damage, facial deformities, and growth deficits. Heart, liver, and kidney defects also are common, as well as vision and hearing problems. Individuals with FAS have difficulties with learning, attention, memory, and problem solving. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications. The term FASD is not intended for use as a clinical diagnosis. FASD covers other terms such as: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) the only diagnosis given by doctors. Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) reserved for individuals with functional or cognitive impairments linked to prenatal alcohol exposure, including decreased head size at birth, structural brain abnormalities, and a pattern of behavioral and mental abnormalities Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) describes the physical defects linked to prenatal alcohol exposure, including heart, skeletal, kidney, ear, and eye malformations Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) a term that has been popularly used to describe alcohol-exposed individuals whose condition does not meet the full criteria for an FAS diagnosis What are the Statistics and Facts about FAS and FASD? FASD is the leading known preventable cause of mental retardation and birth defects. FASD affects 1 in 100 live births or as many as 40,000 infants each year. An individual with fetal alcohol syndrome can incur a lifetime health cost of over $800,000. In 2003, fetal alcohol syndrome cost the United States $5. 4 billiondirect costs were $3. 9 billion, while indirect costs added another $1. 5 billion. Children do not outgrow FASD. The physical and behavioral problems can last for a lifetime. FAS and FASD are found in all racial and socio-economic groups. FAS and FASD are not genetic disorders. Women with FAS or affected by FASD have healthy babies if they do not drink alcohol during their pregnancy. Can I drink alcohol when I am pregnant? No. Do not drink alcohol when you are pregnant. When you drink alcohol, such as beer, wine, or mixed drinks, so does your baby. Alcohol is a substance known to be harmful to human development. When it reaches the blood supply of the baby, it can cause permanent defects to the major organs and central nervous system. Is there any kind of alcohol that is safe to drink during pregnancy? No. Drinking any kind of alcohol can hurt your baby. Alcoholic drinks can include beer, wine, liquor, wine coolers, or mixed drinks. What if I am pregnant and have been drinking? If you drank alcohol before you knew you were pregnant, stop drinking now. Anytime a pregnant woman stops drinking, she decreases the risk of harm to the baby. If you are trying to get pregnant, do not drink alcohol. You may not know you are pregnant right away. What if I drank during my last pregnancy and my baby was fine? Every pregnancy is different. Drinking alcohol may hurt one baby more than another. You could have one child that is born healthy and another child that is born with problems. What if a friend, partner, spouse or family member is drinking while pregnant? Many women are unaware of the consequences of drinking during pregnancy. Some women believe wine or beer is not alcohol. In many cases, she may be suffering from alcoholism. She may need to know what effects alcohol can have on the baby. She also may need help getting into treatment. In such cases, you should contact a treatment professional at a local addiction center for advice on how to help. http://www. nofas. org/faqs. aspx? id=5 Copyright 2001-2004 National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome An individuals place, and success, in society is almost entirely determined by neurological functioning. A neurologically injured child is unable to meet the expectations of parents, family, peers, school, career and can endure a lifetime of failures. The largest cause of neurological damage in children is prenatal exposure to alcohol. These children grow up to become adults. Often the neurological damage goes undiagnosed, but not unpunished. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS), Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARND), Static Encephalopathy (alcohol exposed) (SE) and Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD) are all names for a spectrum of disorders caused when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol. There are strategies that can work to help the child with an FASD compensate for some difficulties. Early and intensive intervention and tutoring can do wonders, but the need for a supportive structure is permanent. Studies on addiction in Ontario have shown about a 10 12% alcohol addiction rate among adults, with another 20% drinking to a level that places them at high risk. Legally intoxicated is defined as a Blood Alcohol Level of . 08%. A 100 lb (45 kg) female consuming 5 standard drinks (A drink equals a 12 oz. regular beer, 1 oz. shot of 100 proof liquor, 1. 5 oz. shot of 80 proof liquor, or 4 oz. glass of regular table wine) will reach a BAL of . 25% three times the legal limit. BAL reduces . 01% per hour. The Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2000/01 found that: 6. 8% of girls ages 12 to 14 19. 8% of girls age 12 to 19 26. 0% ages 20 to 24 19. 9% ages 20 to 34 consumed 5 or more drinks on each occasion 12 or more times per year. An additional: 32. 2% ages 15 to 34 13. 8% of girls ages 12 to 14 consumed 5 or more drinks on each occasion 1 to 11 times per year. Copyright  © 2005 Journals and Procedural Research Branch Office of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Most girls are 2 to 3 months pregnant before they find out. Given the prime childbearing age range, the odds are very high that about 20% of babies have been exposed to multiple binges in high levels of alcohol in the first trimester, before the girl even knew she was pregnant. It is Party Hearty Time. The vast majority of these girls are NOT alcoholics. About 50% of pregnancies are unplanned. If you are drinking, stay out of the backseat as well as the drivers seat! Maternal prenatal alcohol consumption even at low levels is adversely related to child behavior. The effect was observed at average exposure levels as low as 1 drink per week. The Canadian Centre for Childrens Research at McMaster University Hospitals (Hamilton Ontario) states that 20% of Canadian children have serious mental health issues. Typical of school boards in Canada, a major southwestern Ontario School Board (urban / rural mix) with 28,000 Elementary and Secondary School students, has 6,000 students receiving services from the Special Education Department. Of the 6,000, only 250 are classified as Gifted with the balance having significant disabilities (20. 6%). While not all the individuals with disabilities are identified as the disabilities having been caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol, the vast majority of the disabilities are of types known to be caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is so grossly under-reported that the FAS statistics are almost meaningless. There are very few doctors who have received any training in diagnosing FASD and most prefer to use non-judgmental diagnoses such as ADD, ADHD, LD, MR, RAD, ODD, Bi-Polar, Tourettes, etc.. These diagnoses dont imply the mother has done something that could have affected her baby during pregnancy. However, they can also lead to inappropriate treatment and a lifetime of pain. Failure to identify the real source can lead to more children being born with the same issues to the same mothers and the cycle continuing into the next generation FASD children having FASD babies. Alcohol, hormones, a twitch in the kilt, poor impulse control and inability to predict consequences are a deadly combination. Accidents cause people. FASD is not a threshold condition. It is a continuum ranging from mild intellectual and behavioural issues to the extreme that often leads to profound disabilities or premature death. Denial is not just a river in Egypt. Alcohol as a Teratogen on the Baby ? http://www. acbr. com/fas/. Problem: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental and physical defects which develops in some unborn babies when the mother drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy. A baby born with FAS may be seriously handicapped and require a lifetime of special care. Some babies with alcohol-related birth defects, including smaller body size, lower birth weight, and other impairments, do not have all of the classic FAS symptoms. These symptoms are sometimes referred to as Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Researchers do not all agree on the precise distinctions between FAS and FAE cases. Cause of the Problem: Alcohol in a pregnant womans bloodstream circulates to the fetus by crossing the placenta. There, the alcohol interferes with the ability of the fetus to receive sufficient oxygen and nourishment for normal cell development in the brain and other body organs. Possible FAS Symptoms: Growth deficiencies: small body size and weight, slower than normal development and failure to catch up. The fact sheets below were developed by many different authors. In some cases, the fact sheets were placed on the web by a different organization than the one that wrote the document. However, all of the fact sheets are in the public domain to encourage wide distribution. You are free to copy and use these fact sheets. The following list of abbreviations was used to indicate the source of the document in the links provided on this page. Many of the sites listed contain additional information beyond the fact sheets that are listed on this page. We encourage you to explore each site. http://www. well. com/user/woa/fsfas. htm RSmith:02-15-94 MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse 1706 East Elm; P. O. Box 687 Jefferson City, Missouri 65102 The following Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy: FAS: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Symptoms include small head/body, facial characteristics, brain damage FAE: Fetal Alcohol Effects Symptoms usually not visible, such as behavior disorders, attention deficits ARBD: Alcohol Related Birth Defects. Anomalies such as heart defects, sight/hearing problems, joint anomalies, etc. ARND: Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders Disorders such as attention deficits, behavior disorders, obsessive/compulsive disorder, etc. FASD: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders All of the disorders named above are contained in the spectrum. Full FAS comprises only about 10% of the spectrum. The other 90% may have fewer physical symptoms but are at greater risk for developing serious secondary conditions later. (Streissguth, 1997) FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation in western civilization. But Most persons with FAS have an IQ in the normal range. (Streissguth, 1997). The incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in America is 1. 9 cases per 1,000 births (1/500). Incidence of babies with disabilities resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure: 1/100! FAS/FAE is a major health issue in western civilization today. More American babies are born with FAS than with Down Syndrome, MD, and HIV combined. Alcohol causes more neurological damage to the developing baby than any other substance. Lecture Summary Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive but rather to give a broad overview of current knowledge in the area, and of ongoing human and animal research in the area. Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure can result in the fetal alcohol syndrome and both changes in brain structure and behavior have been reported in these children. Importantly, current data indicate that individuals exposed to heavy doses of alcohol in utero, but without the facial characteristics of FAS, can also suffer from similar brain and behavioral changes. Animal models have proven to be an excellent research tool in this field, as there appears to be good concordance between the animal and human data. The animal models provide a means to examine mechanisms of alcohol damage, to control for factors not possible in most human studies, and to help answer important clinical questions. Fetal alcohol effects are preventable, and every child born with a defect related to prenatal alcohol exposure indicates a failure of the health care system. Lecturer Dr. Ed Riley http://rsoa. org/lectures/07/index. html Background Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive. For more detailed overview, the following references might be helpful. It is important to remember that as the mother consumes alcohol and her blood alcohol level rises, that alcohol is freely crossing the placenta and the embryo or fetus is being exposed to the same blood alcohol levels. References Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Streissguth, A. P. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Background Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive. For more detailed overview, the following references might be helpful. It is important to remember that as the mother consumes alcohol and her blood alcohol level rises, that alcohol is freely crossing the placenta and the embryo or fetus is being exposed to the same blood alcohol levels. References Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Streissguth, A. P. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Background What each of these papers described was a common set of features that could occur in the offspring of mothers who drank heavily during their pregnancies. This constellation of features was named the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in 1973 by Jones and colleagues. In order to be diagnosed as having FAS, the individual MUST meet all three criteria. There is a specific pattern of facial anomalies, which will be shown shortly. There is pre and or postnatal growth deficiency. Usually the children are born small (7drinks/week 5 or more drinks per occasion). The data on the left side of the slide come from Louise Floyd of the CDC. The first four studies were sponsored by the CDC and the other two estimates on the left side come from the IOM report (Stratton, 1996). AI/AN stands for American Indian/Alaska Native. The numbers on the right side are from a recent study by Sampson et al. , (1997). They demonstrated rates of FAS of at least 2. 8/1000 live births in Seattle, 4. 6/1000 in Cleveland, and between 1. 3 and 4. 8/1000 in Roubaix, France. Interestingly, in this study they estimate the prevalence in Seattle for FAS and ARND at 9. 1/1000 births. This would mean that nearly 1 in every 100 children is affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. The last number from South Africa is from recent work done by Phil May and colleagues. References Egeland G, Perham-Hester KA, Gessner BD, Ingle D, Berner JE,Middaugh JP. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Alaska, 1977 through 1992: An administrative prevalence derived from multiple data sources. American Journal of Public Health. 1998. 88(5): 781-786. Aberdeen IHS Area (1995) MMWR. vol 44(#):253-261. BDMP (1995): MMWR Vol. 44(13):249-253. Atlanta, Ga. (1997) MMWR Vol. 46(47): 1118-1120. Sampson, P. D. , Streissguth, A. P. , Bookstein, F. L. , Little, R. E. , Clarren, S. K. , Dehaene, P. , Hanson, J. W. , Graham, J. M. , Jr. (1997). Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Teratology, 56(5), 317-326. Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Institute of Medicine: 1996 Clinic-based (page 89), American Indian/Alaskan Native (page 88) May, P. , Viljoen, D. , Gossage, J. , Brooke, L. , Croxford, J. (1999). An epidemiological analysis of data from children with fetal alcohol syndrome and controls in Wellington, South Africa. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23 (5), 110A. May, P. , Viljoen, D. , Gossage, J. , Brooke, L. , Croxford, J (1999). An update on the maternal risk factors associated with the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in Wellington, South Africa. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23 (5), 91A Background It must be stressed that the facial characteristics basically define FAS. Without these facial features, one cannot be diagnosed with FAS. In particular, the discriminating features are short palpebral fissures (the length of the eye opening), a flat midface, an indistinct or flat philtrum (the ridge under the nose), and a thin upper vermilion (lip). While each of these can occur in a variety of disorders, the combination of these features appears to be consistent with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Children with FAS can also have other facial features, such as epicanthal folds (tiny folds of tissues along the eye opening), a low nasal bridge, an underdeveloped jaw and minor ear anomalies. These individuals can also have a variety of associated features. Heart defects, skeletal anomalies, altered palmar creases (those creases on your hands), and urogenital anomalies are among the anomalies found more frequently in FAS. Reference Streissguth, A. P. (1994). A long-term perspective of FAS , Alcohol Health Research World (Vol. 18, pp. 74-81). image Facies in fetal alcohol syndrome Background The brain on the left was obtained from a 5-day-old child with FAS while the brain on the right is a control. The effects are obvious. The brain on the left suffers from microencephaly (small brain) and migration anomalies (neural and glia cells did not migrate to their proper location in the brain, but instead many of them simply migrated to the top of the cortex). Although it cannot be seen here, there is also agenesis of the corpus callosum and the ventricles are dilated. The corpus callosum is the major fiber tract connecting the two hemispheres of the brain (more on this later). Major findings of other autopsies of children with FAS have found microcephaly, hydrocephaly, cerebral dysgenesis, neuroglial heterotopias, corpus callosum anomalies, ventricle anomalies, and cerebellar anomalies. It must be pointed out, however, that these autopsies have typically been conducted only on the most severe cases, since these children often have enough problems that they do not survive. The interested reader on the pathological changes that occur in FAS is referred to the following articles. References Clarren, S. K. (1986). Neuropathology in fetal alcohol syndrome. In J. R. West (Ed. ), Alcohol and Brain Development (pp. 158-166). New York: Oxford University Press. Roebuck, T. M. , Mattson, S. N. , and Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neuroanatomical findings in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22 (2),339-344. Image brain damage resulting from prenatal alcohol Background The image on the left is a normal midsaggital MRI scan of the human brain with the cerebrum and cerebellum pointed out. The data on the right show the reduction in size of the these two areas in children with FAS and PEA. PEA stands for Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, and includes children with known histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure, but who lack the features necessary for a diagnosis of FAS. As can be seen, the extent of reduction in the volume of both the cerebrum and cerebellum is significant. While the PEA group shows a reduction in volume, with these sample sizes, this is not a significant difference. Other brain imaging studies indicate disproportionate size reductions in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and corpus callosum. The data are presented as percent of normal matched controls. References Mattson, S. N. , Jernigan, T. L. , Riley, E. P. (1994a). MRI and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Health Research World, 18(1), 49-52. Archibald, S. L. , Fennema-Notestine, C. , Gamst, A. , Riley, E. P. , Mattson, S. N. , and Jernigan, T. L. (submitted, 2000). Brain dysmorphology in individuals with severe prenatal alcohol exposure. image change in brain size Background One anomaly that has been seen in FAS is agenesis of the corpus callosum. While not common, it occurs in FAS cases (~6%) more frequently than in the general population (0. 1%) or in the developmentally disabled population (2-3%). In fact it has been suggested that FAS may be the most common cause of agenesis of the corpus callosum. In the top left picture, is a control brain. The other images are from children with FAS. In the top middle the corpus callosum is present, but it is very thin at the posterior section of the brain. In the upper right the corpus callosum is essentially missing. The bottom two pictures are from a 9 year old girl with FAS. She has agenesis of the corpus callosum and the large dark area in the back of her brain above the cerebellum is a condition known as coprocephaly. It is essentially empty space. Most children with FAS do have a corpus callosum, although it may be reduced in size. The reduction in size occurs primarily in the front and rear portions (genu and splenium). One interesting item is that this same pattern of reduction in the genu and splenium has been found in ADHD children. The behavioral problems seen in FAS frequently are similar to those seen in ADHD. References Mattson, S. N. , Jernigan, T. L. , Riley, E. P. (1994a). MRI and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Health Research World, 18(1), 49-52. Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. (1995). Prenatal exposure to alcohol: What the images reveal. Alcohol Health Research World, 19(4), 273-277. Riley, E. P. , Mattson, S. N. , Sowell, E. R. , Jernigan, T. L. , Sobel, D. F. , Jones, K. L. (1995). Abnormalities of the corpus callosum in children prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19(5), 1198-1202. Background There have been over a dozen retrospective studies of children with FAS (total N = 269). Overall, these studies, such as the Seattle studies or studies out of Germany, reported an overall mean IQ of 72. 26 (range of means = 47. 4-98. 2). The data presented here were collected in San Diego, CA as part of a project at the Center for Behavioral Teratology. The mean IQ performances of children with FAS were compared to alcohol-exposed children with few if any features of FAS. All children in this study were exposed prenatally to high amounts of alcohol, however only the FAS group displayed the craniofacial anomalies and growth deficits associated with the diagnosis. The other group was designated as having prenatal exposure to alcohol (PEA) and had documented exposure to high levels of alcohol but were not dysmorphic, microcephalic, or growth-retarded. In comparison to normal controls, both groups of alcohol-exposed children displayed significant deficits in overall IQ measures as well as deficits on most of the subtest scores. While the PEA subjects usually obtained marginally higher IQ scores than those with FAS, few significant differences were found between the two alcohol-exposed groups. These results indicate that high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure are related to an increased risk for deficits in intellectual functioning and that these deficits can occur in children without all of the physical features required for a diagnosis of FAS. Our PEA subjects may be somewhat similar to individuals identified by other groups as having FAE, however individuals with PEA display few if any of the facial features of FAS, and are not growth retarded or microcephalic. References Streissguth AP, Aase JM, Clarren SK, Randels SP, LaDue RA, Smith DF (1991). Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1961-1967. Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. , Gramling, L. , Delis, D. C. , and Jones, K. L. (1997). Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome leads to IQ deficits. Journal of Pediatrics, 131 (5), 718-721. Mattson, S. N. and Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22 (2), 279-294. image general intellectual performance Background. This was a study of a broad range of neuropsychological tests, such as: The Wide Range Achievement Test- which assesses academic skills, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Boston Naming test-both assessment of basic language functioning, the California Verbal Learning Test-a list learning and memory test, the Visual-Motor Integration Test which measures basic visual-perceptual skills, the Grooved Pegboard test-a test of fine-motor speed and coordination, and the Childrens Category Test-a measure of nonverbal learning. Along the x-axis are the tests included in the battery; for comparison purposes, all scores were converted to standard scores with a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. Children with FAS or PEA showed deficits in comparison to controls and they were very similar to each other. There does seem to be some indication that the nonverbal measures (on the right of the slide) are not as impaired as the verbal and academic measures, which are on the left and center of the slide. The take home message is that children with FAS and those exposed to high amounts of alcohol, but without the characteristics required for a diagnosis of FAS, are similarly impaired. The FAS children tend to be a bit worse than the PEA children, but the pattern of behavioral deificits is fairly similar over a wide range of tests. References Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. , Gramling, L. , Delis, D. C. , Jones, K. L. (1998). Neuropsychological comparison of alcohol-exposed children with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome. Neuropsychology, 12(1), 146-153. image neuropsychological performanceBackground In addition to the abilities already discussed, a few studies have documented other specific neuropsychological deficits in individuals with FAS. Children with prenatal alcohol exposure, with and without FAS, have demonstrated various deficits on measures of executive functioning. These measures have revealed problems in areas such as planning (tower task-shown above), cognitive flexibility (trails test), inhibition (stroop test), and concept formation and reasoning (word context tests). Generally, performance on these measures is characterized by increased errors and more difficulty adhering to rules. Therefore, children are less successful overall. For example, on the tower measure shown above (Tower of California-similar to Tower of London), children with FAS and PEA passed fewer items overall and made more rule violations than controls. The only two rules were to never place a larger piece on top of a smaller one and to move only one piece at a time. As can be seen the alcohol exposed children had many more rule violations. In addition, deficits have been found on the WCST (Wisconsin Card Sort Test), a nonverbal measure of problem solving. The WCST test requires both problem solving and cognitive flexibility and has been proposed to be sensitive to frontal system dysfunction. This test is a gold standard in the measure of executive functioning in neuropsychology. Children with prenatal exposure to alcohol made more errors and had more difficulty with the conceptual nature of the task than controls. New data indicate that they have trouble identifying and defining concepts. Finally, tests of planning ability are also thought to be sensitive to frontal systems dysfunction although few such studies have been done in individuals with FAS. On the Progressive Planning Test which is similar to the Tower of London test children with FAS/FAE had difficulty with planning ahead and tended to perseverate on incorrect strategies. So far the results could be summarized as: 1) Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with a wide range of neurobehavioral deficits including visuospatial functioning, verbal and nonverbal learning, and executive functioning 2) Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure causes microcephaly and disproportionate reductions in the corpus callosum, basal ganglia, and cerebellum 3) Children with and without physical features of the fetal alcohol syndrome display qualitatively similar deficits References Carmichael O. H. , Feldman JJ, Streissguth AP, Gonzalez RD: Neuropsychological deficits and life adjustment in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16:380, 1992 Kodituwakku PW, Handmaker NS, Cutler SK, Weathersby EK, Handmaker SD: Specific impairments in self-regulation in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19:1558-1564, 1995 Mattson, S. N. , Goodman, A. M. , Caine, C. , Delis, D. C. , Riley, E. P. (1999). Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 23(11), 1808-1815. Background Secondary disabilities are those disabilities that the individual is not born with, and hopefully with appropriate intervention could be ameliorated. This slide illustrates the extent of these secondary disabilities as a function of age. These are individuals with FAS and FAE. As can be seen over 90% of these individuals have mental health problems and about 50% of those over the age of 12 have disrupted school experiences, trouble with the law, which is frequently severe enough to require confinement. They also engage in relatively high rates of inappropriate sexual behavior and a significant number have alcohol and drug abuse problems. Interestingly, the factors that are protective against these secondary disabilities are: Being raised in a stable, nurturant home, diagnosis before the age of 6, no sexual or physical abuse, not changing households every few years, not living in a poor quality home, and receiving Developmental Disabilities services. References Streissguth, A. P. , Barr, H. M. , Kogan, J. , Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Final Report: Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Seattle, WA: University of Washington Publication Services. Image secondary disabilities Background. Much of what we know about FAS and the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure is the result of work on animal models. After FAS was identified it became important to demonstrate that the effects were indeed the result of alcohol exposure and not due to factors such as other drugs, maternal conditions, or nutritional variables. The development of appropriate animal models was very important in this regard. Models were developed for assessing physical features of FAS as well as the behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurochemical profiles of prenatal alcohol exposure. The ideal test animal would absorb, metabolize and eliminate alcohol similar to human, transport alcohol and metabolites across.